Posts Tagged ‘lawsuit’

Feds raid Colonial Bank office in Florida

Thursday, August 13th, 2009

By Jane Sutton

MIAMI (Reuters) – Federal agents working with the U.S. Treasury’s Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) executed search warrants at two Florida banks on Monday and Colonial Bank (CNB.N) said one of them was its office in Orlando.

A spokeswoman for the Alabama-based bank told Reuters a warrant had been served at the bank’s Orlando location but could not say what was the target of the warrants.

“The bank is cooperating,” Colonial Senior Vice President Merrie Tolbert told Reuters by telephone. “Colonial continues to operate as usual. This search warrant has no impact on our day-to-day retail and commercial banking operations.”

A spokeswoman with the office of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, which buys assets from troubled financial institutions to stabilize the banking industry, would only say that its agents executed two search warrants in Florida on Monday.

“Due to the nature of the ongoing investigation we cannot provide any further information,” the agency said in a news release.

FBI agents joined the search but declined to comment.

Tolbert could not confirm local media reports that the second warrant was executed at a bank branch in the central Florida town of Ocala.

Shares of parent company Colonial BancGroup Inc plunged 18 percent on Monday after it had said on Friday that a key $300 million investment from Taylor, Bean & Whitaker Mortgage Co had fallen through, raising doubts about its survival.

Colonial BancGroup, which last month was issued a cease-and-desist order by the regulators, said it was exploring strategic capital alternatives, including a sale or merger of the company.

The shares have lost more than 90 percent of their value in the past year.

Colonial BancGroup operates 355 branches in Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Nevada and Texas and has more than $25 billion in assets. Its failure would be the largest this year.

(Editing by Pascal Fletcher and Maureen Bavdek)

Source: http://www.reuters.com/article/hotStocksNews/idUSTRE5724PT20090803

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Chapter 13

Saturday, August 8th, 2009

Chapter 13

Individual Debt Adjustment

The chapter of the Bankruptcy Code providing for adjustment of debts of an individual with regular income. (Chapter 13 allows a debtor to keep property and pay debts over time, usually three to five years.)

a. Background
b. Advantages of Chapter 13
c. Chapter 13 Eligibility
d. How Chapter 13 Works
e. The Chapter 13 Plan and Confirmation Hearing
f. Making the Plan Work
g. The Chapter 13 Discharge
h. The Chapter 13 Hardship Discharge

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Background

A chapter 13 bankruptcy is also called a wage earner’s plan. It enables individuals with regular income to develop a plan to repay all or part of their debts. Under this chapter, debtors propose a repayment plan to make installments to creditors over three to five years. If the debtor’s current monthly income is less than the applicable state median, the plan will be for three years unless the court approves a longer period “for cause.” (1) If the debtor’s current monthly income is greater than the applicable state median, the plan generally must be for five years. In no case may a plan provide for payments over a period longer than five years. 11 U.S.C. §1322(d). During this time the law forbids creditors from starting or continuing collection efforts.

This chapter discusses six aspects of a chapter 13 proceeding: the advantages of choosing chapter 13, the chapter 13 eligibility requirements, how a chapter 13 proceeding works, what may be included in chapter 13 repayment plan and how it is confirmed, making the plan work, and the special chapter 13 discharge.

Advantages of Chapter 13

Chapter 13 offers individuals a number of advantages over liquidation under chapter 7. Perhaps most significantly, chapter 13 offers individuals an opportunity to save their homes from foreclosure. By filing under this chapter, individuals can stop foreclosure proceedings and may cure delinquent mortgage payments over time. Nevertheless, they must still make all mortgage payments that come due during the chapter 13 plan on time. Another advantage of chapter 13 is that it allows individuals to reschedule secured debts (other than a mortgage for their primary residence) and extend them over the life of the chapter 13 plan. Doing this may lower the payments. Chapter 13 also has a special provision that protects third parties who are liable with the debtor on “consumer debts.” This provision may protect co-signers. Finally, chapter 13 acts like a consolidation loan under which the individual makes the plan payments to a chapter 13 trustee who then distributes payments to creditors. Individuals will have no direct contact with creditors while under chapter 13 protection.

Chapter 13 Eligibility

Any individual, even if self-employed or operating an unincorporated business, is eligible for chapter 13 relief as long as the individual’s unsecured debts are less than $336,900 and secured debts are less than $1,010,650. 11 U.S.C. § 109(e). These amounts are adjusted periodically to reflect changes in the consumer price index. A corporation or partnership may not be a chapter 13 debtor. Id.

An individual cannot file under chapter 13 or any other chapter if, during the preceding 180 days, a prior bankruptcy petition was dismissed due to the debtor’s willful failure to appear before the court or comply with orders of the court or was voluntarily dismissed after creditors sought relief from the bankruptcy court to recover property upon which they hold liens. 11 U.S.C. §§ 109(g), 362(d) and (e). In addition, no individual may be a debtor under chapter 13 or any chapter of the Bankruptcy Code unless he or she has, within 180 days before filing, received credit counseling from an approved credit counseling agency either in an individual or group briefing. 11 U.S.C. §§ 109, 111. There are exceptions in emergency situations or where the U.S. trustee (or bankruptcy administrator) has determined that there are insufficient approved agencies to provide the required counseling. If a debt management plan is developed during required credit counseling, it must be filed with the court.

How Chapter 13 Works

A chapter 13 case begins by filing a petition with the bankruptcy court serving the area where the debtor has a domicile or residence. Unless the court orders otherwise, the debtor must also file with the court: (1) schedules of assets and liabilities; (2) a schedule of current income and expenditures; (3) a schedule of executory contracts and unexpired leases; and (4) a statement of financial affairs. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(b). The debtor must also file a certificate of credit counseling and a copy of any debt repayment plan developed through credit counseling; evidence of payment from employers, if any, received 60 days before filing; a statement of monthly net income and any anticipated increase in income or expenses after filing; and a record of any interest the debtor has in federal or state qualified education or tuition accounts. 11 U.S.C. § 521. The debtor must provide the chapter 13 case trustee with a copy of the tax return or transcripts for the most recent tax year as well as tax returns filed during the case (including tax returns for prior years that had not been filed when the case began). Id. A husband and wife may file a joint petition or individual petitions. 11 U.S.C. § 302(a). (The Official Forms may be purchased at legal stationery stores or downloaded from the Internet at www.uscourts.gov/bkforms/index.html. They are not available from the court.)

The courts must charge a $235 case filing fee and a $39 miscellaneous administrative fee. Normally the fees must be paid to the clerk of the court upon filing. With the court’s permission, however, they may be paid in installments. 28 U.S.C. § 1930(a); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1006(b); Bankruptcy Court Miscellaneous Fee Schedule, Item 8. The number of installments is limited to four, and the debtor must make the final installment no later than 120 days after filing the petition. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1006(b). For cause shown, the court may extend the time of any installment, as long as the last installment is paid no later than 180 days after filing the petition. Id. The debtor may also pay the $39 administrative fee in installments. If a joint petition is filed, only one filing fee and one administrative fee are charged. Debtors should be aware that failure to pay these fees may result in dismissal of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 1307(c)(2).

In order to complete the Official Bankruptcy Forms that make up the petition, statement of financial affairs, and schedules, the debtor must compile the following information:

1. A list of all creditors and the amounts and nature of their claims;
2. The source, amount, and frequency of the debtor’s income;
3. A list of all of the debtor’s property; and
4. A detailed list of the debtor’s monthly living expenses, i.e., food, clothing, shelter, utilities, taxes, transportation, medicine, etc.
Married individuals must gather this information for their spouse regardless of whether they are filing a joint petition, separate individual petitions, or even if only one spouse is filing. In a situation where only one spouse files, the income and expenses of the non-filing spouse is required so that the court, the trustee and creditors can evaluate the household’s financial position.

When an individual files a chapter 13 petition, an impartial trustee is appointed to administer the case. 11 U.S.C. § 1302. In some districts, the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator (2) appoints a standing trustee to serve in all chapter 13 cases. 28 U.S.C. § 586(b). The chapter 13 trustee both evaluates the case and serves as a disbursing agent, collecting payments from the debtor and making distributions to creditors. 11 U.S.C. § 1302(b).

Filing the petition under chapter 13 “automatically stays” (stops) most collection actions against the debtor or the debtor’s property. 11 U.S.C. § 362. Filing the petition does not, however, stay certain types of actions listed under 11 U.S.C. § 362(b), and the stay may be effective only for a short time in some situations. The stay arises by operation of law and requires no judicial action. As long as the stay is in effect, creditors generally may not initiate or continue lawsuits, wage garnishments, or even make telephone calls demanding payments. The bankruptcy clerk gives notice of the bankruptcy case to all creditors whose names and addresses are provided by the debtor.

Chapter 13 also contains a special automatic stay provision that protects co-debtors. Unless the bankruptcy court authorizes otherwise, a creditor may not seek to collect a “consumer debt” from any individual who is liable along with the debtor. 11 U.S.C. § 1301(a). Consumer debts are those incurred by an individual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose. 11 U.S.C. § 101(8).

Individuals may use a chapter 13 proceeding to save their home from foreclosure. The automatic stay stops the foreclosure proceeding as soon as the individual files the chapter 13 petition. The individual may then bring the past-due payments current over a reasonable period of time. Nevertheless, the debtor may still lose the home if the mortgage company completes the foreclosure sale under state law before the debtor files the petition.11 U.S.C. § 1322(c). The debtor may also lose the home if he or she fails to make the regular mortgage payments that come due after the chapter 13 filing.

Between 20 and 50 days after the debtor files the chapter 13 petition, the chapter 13 trustee will hold a meeting of creditors. If the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator schedules the meeting at a place that does not have regular U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator staffing, the meeting may be held no more than 60 days after the debtor files. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2003(a). During this meeting, the trustee places the debtor under oath, and both the trustee and creditors may ask questions. The debtor must attend the meeting and answer questions regarding his or her financial affairs and the proposed terms of the plan.11 U.S.C. § 343. If a husband and wife file a joint petition, they both must attend the creditors’ meeting and answer questions. In order to preserve their independent judgment, bankruptcy judges are prohibited from attending the creditors’ meeting. 11 U.S.C. § 341(c). The parties typically resolve problems with the plan either during or shortly after the creditors’ meeting. Generally, the debtor can avoid problems by making sure that the petition and plan are complete and accurate, and by consulting with the trustee prior to the meeting.

In a chapter 13 case, to participate in distributions from the bankruptcy estate, unsecured creditors must file their claims with the court within 90 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3002(c). A governmental unit, however, has 180 days from the date the case is filed file a proof of claim.11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(9).

After the meeting of creditors, the debtor, the chapter 13 trustee, and those creditors who wish to attend will come to court for a hearing on the debtor’s chapter 13 repayment plan.

The Chapter 13 Plan and Confirmation Hearing

Unless the court grants an extension, the debtor must file a repayment plan with the petition or within 15 days after the petition is filed. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3015. A plan must be submitted for court approval and must provide for payments of fixed amounts to the trustee on a regular basis, typically biweekly or monthly. The trustee then distributes the funds to creditors according to the terms of the plan, which may offer creditors less than full payment on their claims.

There are three types of claims: priority, secured, and unsecured. Priority claims are those granted special status by the bankruptcy law, such as most taxes and the costs of bankruptcy proceeding. (3) Secured claims are those for which the creditor has the right take back certain property (i.e., the collateral) if the debtor does not pay the underlying debt. In contrast to secured claims, unsecured claims are generally those for which the creditor has no special rights to collect against particular property owned by the debtor.

The plan must pay priority claims in full unless a particular priority creditor agrees to different treatment of the claim or, in the case of a domestic support obligation, unless the debtor contributes all “disposable income” – discussed below – to a five-year plan.11 U.S.C. § 1322(a).

If the debtor wants to keep the collateral securing a particular claim, the plan must provide that the holder of the secured claim receive at least the value of the collateral. If the obligation underlying the secured claim was used to buy the collateral (e.g., a car loan), and the debt was incurred within certain time frames before the bankruptcy filing, the plan must provide for full payment of the debt, not just the value of the collateral (which may be less due to depreciation). Payments to certain secured creditors (i.e., the home mortgage lender), may be made over the original loan repayment schedule (which may be longer than the plan) so long as any arrearage is made up during the plan. The debtor should consult an attorney to determine the proper treatment of secured claims in the plan.

The plan need not pay unsecured claims in full as long it provides that the debtor will pay all projected “disposable income” over an “applicable commitment period,” and as long as unsecured creditors receive at least as much under the plan as they would receive if the debtor’s assets were liquidated under chapter 7. 11 U.S.C. § 1325. In chapter 13, “disposable income” is income (other than child support payments received by the debtor) less amounts reasonably necessary for the maintenance or support of the debtor or dependents and less charitable contributions up to 15% of the debtor’s gross income. If the debtor operates a business, the definition of disposable income excludes those amounts which are necessary for ordinary operating expenses. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(2)(A) and (B). The “applicable commitment period” depends on the debtor’s current monthly income. The applicable commitment period must be three years if current monthly income is less than the state median for a family of the same size – and five years if the current monthly income is greater than a family of the same size. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(d). The plan may be less than the applicable commitment period (three or five years) only if unsecured debt is paid in full over a shorter period.

Within 30 days after filing the bankruptcy case, even if the plan has not yet been approved by the court, the debtor must start making plan payments to the trustee. 11 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1). If any secured loan payments or lease payments come due before the debtor’s plan is confirmed (typically home and automobile payments), the debtor must make adequate protection payments directly to the secured lender or lessor – deducting the amount paid from the amount that would otherwise be paid to the trustee. Id.

No later than 45 days after the meeting of creditors, the bankruptcy judge must hold a confirmation hearing and decide whether the plan is feasible and meets the standards for confirmation set forth in the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. §§ 1324, 1325. Creditors will receive 25 days’ notice of the hearing and may object to confirmation. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2002(b). While a variety of objections may be made, the most frequent ones are that payments offered under the plan are less than creditors would receive if the debtor’s assets were liquidated or that the debtor’s plan does not commit all of the debtor’s projected disposable income for the three or five year applicable commitment period.

If the court confirms the plan, the chapter 13 trustee will distribute funds received under the plan “as soon as is practicable.” 11 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(2). If the court declines to confirm the plan, the debtor may file a modified plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1323. The debtor may also convert the case to a liquidation case under chapter 7. (4) 11 U.S.C. § 1307(a). If the court declines to confirm the plan or the modified plan and instead dismisses the case, the court may authorize the trustee to keep some funds for costs, but the trustee must return all remaining funds to the debtor (other than funds already disbursed or due to creditors). 11 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(2).

Occasionally, a change in circumstances may compromise the debtor’s ability to make plan payments. For example, a creditor may object or threaten to object to a plan, or the debtor may inadvertently have failed to list all creditors. In such instances, the plan may be modified either before or after confirmation. 11 U.S.C. §§ 1323, 1329. Modification after confirmation is not limited to an initiative by the debtor, but may be at the request of the trustee or an unsecured creditor. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(a).

Making the Plan Work

The provisions of a confirmed plan bind the debtor and each creditor. 11 U.S.C. § 1327. Once the court confirms the plan, the debtor must make the plan succeed. The debtor must make regular payments to the trustee either directly or through payroll deduction, which will require adjustment to living on a fixed budget for a prolonged period. Furthermore, while confirmation of the plan entitles the debtor to retain property as long as payments are made, the debtor may not incur new debt without consulting the trustee, because additional debt may compromise the debtor’s ability to complete the plan. 11 U.S.C. §§ 1305(c), 1322(a)(1), 1327.

A debtor may make plan payments through payroll deductions. This practice increases the likelihood that payments will be made on time and that the debtor will complete the plan. In any event, if the debtor fails to make the payments due under the confirmed plan, the court may dismiss the case or convert it to a liquidation case under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. § 1307(c). The court may also dismiss or convert the debtor’s case if the debtor fails to pay any post-filing domestic support obligations (i.e., child support, alimony), or fails to make required tax filings during the case. 11 U.S.C. §§ 1307(c) and (e), 1308, 521.

The Chapter 13 Discharge

The bankruptcy law regarding the scope of the chapter 13 discharge is complex and has recently undergone major changes. Therefore, debtors should consult competent legal counsel prior to filing regarding the scope of the chapter 13 discharge.

A chapter 13 debtor is entitled to a discharge upon completion of all payments under the chapter 13 plan so long as the debtor: (1) certifies (if applicable) that all domestic support obligations that came due prior to making such certification have been paid; (2) has not received a discharge in a prior case filed within a certain time frame (two years for prior chapter 13 cases and four years for prior chapter 7, 11 and 12 cases); and (3) has completed an approved course in financial management (if the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator for the debtor’s district has determined that such courses are available to the debtor). 11 U.S.C. § 1328. The court will not enter the discharge, however, until it determines, after notice and a hearing, that there is no reason to believe there is any pending proceeding that might give rise to a limitation on the debtor’s homestead exemption. 11 U.S.C. § 1328(h).

The discharge releases the debtor from all debts provided for by the plan or disallowed (under section 502), with limited exceptions. Creditors provided for in full or in part under the chapter 13 plan may no longer initiate or continue any legal or other action against the debtor to collect the discharged obligations.

As a general rule, the discharge releases the debtor from all debts provided for by the plan or disallowed, with the exception of certain debts referenced in 11 U.S.C. § 1328. Debts not discharged in chapter 13 include certain long term obligations (such as a home mortgage), debts for alimony or child support, certain taxes, debts for most government funded or guaranteed educational loans or benefit overpayments, debts arising from death or personal injury caused by driving while intoxicated or under the influence of drugs, and debts for restitution or a criminal fine included in a sentence on the debtor’s conviction of a crime. To the extent that they are not fully paid under the chapter 13 plan, the debtor will still be responsible for these debts after the bankruptcy case has concluded. Debts for money or property obtained by false pretenses, debts for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, and debts for restitution or damages awarded in a civil case for willful or malicious actions by the debtor that cause personal injury or death to a person will be discharged unless a creditor timely files and prevails in an action to have such debts declared nondischargeable. 11 U.S.C. §§ 1328, 523(c); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4007(c).

The discharge in a chapter 13 case is somewhat broader than in a chapter 7 case. Debts dischargeable in a chapter 13, but not in chapter 7, include debts for willful and malicious injury to property (as opposed to a person), debts incurred to pay nondischargeable tax obligations, and debts arising from property settlements in divorce or separation proceedings. 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a).

The Chapter 13 Hardship Discharge

After confirmation of a plan, circumstances may arise that prevent the debtor from completing the plan. In such situations, the debtor may ask the court to grant a “hardship discharge.” 11 U.S.C. § 1328(b). Generally, such a discharge is available only if: (1) the debtor’s failure to complete plan payments is due to circumstances beyond the debtor’s control and through no fault of the debtor; (2) creditors have received at least as much as they would have received in a chapter 7 liquidation case; and (3) modification of the plan is not possible. Injury or illness that precludes employment sufficient to fund even a modified plan may serve as the basis for a hardship discharge. The hardship discharge is more limited than the discharge described above and does not apply to any debts that are nondischargeable in a chapter 7 case. 11 U.S.C. § 523.

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NOTES

1. The “current monthly income” received by the debtor is a defined term in the Bankruptcy Code and means the average monthly income received over the six calendar months before commencement of the bankruptcy case, including regular contributions to household expenses from nondebtors and including income from the debtor’s spouse if the petition is a joint petition, but not including social security income or certain payments made because the debtor is the victim of certain crimes. 11 U.S.C. § 101(10A). return to text
2. In North Carolina and Alabama, bankruptcy administrators perform similar functions that U.S. trustees perform in the remaining forty-eight states. The bankruptcy administrator program is administered by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, while the U.S. trustee program is administered by the Department of Justice. For purposes of this publication, references to U.S. trustees are also applicable to bankruptcy administrators. return to text
3. Section 507 sets forth 10 categories of unsecured claims which Congress has, for public policy reasons, given priority of distribution over other unsecured claims. return to text
4. A fee of $25 is charged for converting a case under chapter 13 to a case under chapter 7. return to text

 

 

Source: http://www.uscourts.gov/bankruptcycourts/bankruptcybasics/chapter13.html

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Spinal Cord Injury

Friday, August 7th, 2009

Spinal cord injury x-ray

Spinal cord injury x-ray

Our spinal cord injury attorneys will work relentlessly to get compensation for the victim.  Many times, the victim will require medical assistance and monitoring the rest of their life.  Our spinal cord injury attorneys will consult with a medical expert to prepare a cost estimate of medical treatment for the rest of the victim’s life.  In addition, our spinal cord injury attorneys will obtain a detailed report showing the victim’s lost wages and any future earnings that the victim is entitled to receive.  Let our spinal cord injury attorneys handle your case so you may concentrate on getting better and making a full recovery.
 
Any type of accident may cause an injury to the spinal cord.  This is a serious and life-altering injury.  It produces severe symptoms that will alter a person’s life.  Many times, a spinal cord injury produces paralysis or other loss of motion.  Unfortunately, many of these injuries are permanent and the victim will never recover fully from the accident.  Victims with a spinal injury may never be able to walk again.  In addition, the victim may require full-time care, such as a nurse, and may never be able to work again.  They will also require ongoing medical care and financial assistance for the rest of their lives.

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Pedestrian Accidents

Friday, August 7th, 2009

Las Vegas Pedestrian Accident

Collisions between a pedestrian and a car often produce catastrophic injuries.  A pedestrian has no protection from a car collision.  A car versus pedestrian collision will produce devastating injuries.  Common injuries from car versus pedestrian accidents include broken bones, spinal injuries, brain injuries, and paralysis.  These injuries arise from a series of causes.  First, the pedestrian is struck by a car.  Second, the pedestrian falls to the ground and may be drug behind the initial car.  Third, the pedestrian is struck by oncoming traffic as they lay in the street unable to move.  Our pedestrian accident attorneys are able to get you the money you deserve for your injuries. 
Pedestrian Accidents will almost always require immediate and expensive medical care.  This is the natural result of the traumatic forces involved in the collision.  As well as secondary causes, such as being run over after the pedestrian is knocked to the ground.  Our pedestrian accident attorneys can assist you in getting payment for medical bills, as well as future medical costs. 
It is critical that an experienced pedestrian accident attorney handle your case.  Pedestrian accident cases are complex and require detailed investigation.  Frequently, the pedestrian has no recollection of what vehicle struck him or what happened – they simply wake up in an ambulance or hospital.  Our pedestrian accident attorneys are skilled in reviewing and analyzing the facts of the accident and determining the cause of the pedestrian accident.  Frequent causes of pedestrian accidents include:

 

  1. Failure to yield to a pedestrian
  2. Failure to see the pedestrian
  3. Passing the pedestrian unsafely
  4. Ignoring a crosswalk or crossing signal
  5. Striking a pedestrian from behind

 

          Our pedestrian accident attorneys can investigate your pedestrian accident and help you concentrate on the recovery process. 

Pedestrian accident victims may be entitled to significant financial compensation for their injuries.  Our pedestrian accident attorneys will work hard to get you all the money you deserve.  You may receive money for your medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical treatment, and a host of other reasons depending upon your case.  If you have suffered an injury, please contact our pedestrian accident attorneys immediately so we may begin getting you the money you deserve.

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Birth and Nursing Home Injuries

Friday, August 7th, 2009

Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect
            The population of Las Vegas is growing older as baby boomers approach retirement age.  There is an increased demand for nursing home care.  Unfortunately, the nursing home industry contains some unfit operators that do not adequately care for their elderly patients.  Too often, elderly patients can not care for themselves – that is the reason families turn to nursing homes for assistance.  But sometimes nursing homes do not perform the job families pay them to perform.  Unfortunately, the elderly patient may have difficulty communicating and is unable to inform family members about any abuse.  The nursing home may also abuse the elderly by increasing or decreasing necessary medications, which may further hamper the patient’s ability to complain about the abuse or alert family.  Nursing home abuse continues to increase as our population ages.
        Family members may protect their loved ones by looking for signs or symptoms of abuse.  These signs may be physical or mental.  Physical signs of nursing home abuse may include bed sores, malnutrition, unsanitary conditions, bruising, or over-medication.  Our nursing home abuse attorneys can discuss physical signs of abuse with your family.  Mental signs of nursing home abuse may include personality changes, paranoia, emotional outbursts, distress, or failure to communicate with loved ones.  Our nursing home abuse attorneys can discuss mental signs of abuse with your family.  Nursing home abuse is often difficult to diagnose and frequently is not discovered without active involvement from the family and knowledgeable nursing home abuse attorneys. 
        Our nursing home abuse attorneys will work hard to end the abuse and get your loved one the maximum compensation they deserve.  They may be entitled to money to compensate them for their pain and suffering, medical costs for future medical care, and punitive damages to punish the nursing home for their malicious behavior.  Contact our nursing home abuse attorneys today to discuss your case and help your loved one.

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Paralysis

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Las Vegas Attorney Specializing in Personal Injury - Paralysis
Las Vegas Attorney Specializing in Personal Injury – Paralysis

Paralysis
         Any type of accident may cause an injury that results in paralysis.  This is a serious and life-altering injury.  It produces severe symptoms that will alter a person’s life, causing the loss of motion in one or more areas of the body.  Unfortunately, many of these injuries are permanent and the victim will never recover fully from the accident.  Victims with paralysis may never be able to walk again.  In addition, the victim may require full-time care, such as a nurse, and may never be able to work again.  They will also require ongoing medical care and financial assistance for the rest of their lives.

  
        Our paralysis attorneys will work relentlessly to get compensation for the victim.  Many times, the victim will require medical assistance and monitoring the rest of their life.  Our paralysis attorneys will consult with a medical expert to prepare a cost estimate of medical treatment for the rest of the victim’s life.  In addition, our paralysis attorneys will obtain a detailed report showing the victim’s lost wages and any future earnings that the victim is entitled to receive.  Let our paralysis attorneys handle your case so you may concentrate on getting better and making a full recovery. 

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Wrongful Death

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Las Vegas Wrongful Death, Loss of Life, Funeral

Las Vegas Wrongful Death, Loss of Life, Funeral

 

Wrongful Death
          Accidents may result in the wrongful death of one or more victims.  The death of a loved one is the most painful loss imaginable.  It is often impossible to understand how an accident caused such a loss to your family and loved ones.  A negligent driver’s momentary lapse of concentration or judgment results in the death of a loved family member.  Unfortunately, many times wrongful deaths result when another driver makes a decision to drive drunk or break other laws.  Truck drivers may cause a wrongful death because they are groggy from lack of sleep or simply in a rush to complete a shipment and pick up another load.  These are the most serious cases and our wrongful death attorneys will pursue them on behalf of you and your loved one. 
Any type of accident may cause a wrongful death.  The impact on the deceased family is significant and unanticipated.  The shock of losing a loved family member is an obvious impact from their wrongful death.  However, there are other effects as well.  Most times, a family is now unable to pay its bills because one of the wage earners is deceased.  There may also be medical bills associated with trying to save the loved one’s life, as well as funeral expenses.  These and other issues will arise as a family tries to deal with the trauma from losing a loved one. 

 

        Our wrongful death attorneys will work relentlessly to get compensation for the victim’s remaining family.  Many times, the deceased will have unpaid medical bills as a result of doctors struggling to save their life.  Our wrongful death attorneys will help you get these medical bills paid.  In addition, our wrongful death attorneys will obtain a detailed report showing the victim’s lost wages and any future earnings that the victim’s family is entitled to receive.  Let our wrongful death attorneys handle your case so you may concentrate on getting over your tragic loss.

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Dui accidents

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

DUI Accidents – Drunk Driving Accident

It is illegal in Nevada to operate a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 or higher. (NRS 484.379). Las Vegas is a 24 hour town and many bars or casinos never close. Every day, people make the disastrous decision to operate their car after they have drunk too much alcohol. Not only are there criminal penalties for this behavior, but also it can have a far more tragic outcome, such as injuring or killing another driver. Drunk driving accidents happen around the clock in Las Vegas – anytime and anyplace. It is only a matter of time until a habitual drunk driver causes an accident and irrevocably impacts someone else’s life. Our DUI accident attorneys are experienced in dealing with the aftermath of a DUI accident and will allow you to focus on recovering from your injuries.
Unfortunately, DUI accidents frequently produce injuries. An injured victim is first struck by drunk driver; and second victimized by an insurance company that refuses to pay the victim a proper settlement for their injuries. Insurance companies have no incentive to properly compensate victims. Insurance companies are not in business to pay money to victims, they are in business to make money. Shortly after a collision, the insurance company may contact the victim and offer a small monetary settlement. This is almost never a fair settlement, and the insurance companies hope the victim does not contact a DUI accident attorney. Our DUI accident attorneys are able to get you the maximum compensation for your injuries, and prevent you from accepting a very unfair deal from a greedy insurance company.
DUI accidents produce a wide range of injuries. These range from broken bones caused by the traumatic forces of collisions, to soreness and stiffness associated with “whiplash.” Our DUI accident attorneys frequently deal with insurance companies and notice they will typically try to deny all but the most obvious injuries. Insurance companies will attempt to deny certain injuries that are difficult to diagnose, such as whiplash or other soft-tissue injuries. They will also seek to refuse to reimburse medical expenses for diagnostic treatment such as an MRI or X-Rays. However, when our experienced DUI accident attorneys contact the insurance companies, they know these delaying tactics will not work and that they cannot take further advantage of a victim. Our DUI accident attorneys will work hard and force the insurance company to pay you all the money you deserve.
Common injuries associated with DUI accidents are discussed in general “layman’s” terms below. For a complete diagnosis and treatment, please consult with your treating physician.

  1. Herniated disc – A serious condition caused when the internal fluid from a disc in a victim’s spine leaks out of the disc. This causes severe irritation to the nearby nerves. The body identifies the leaking fluid as a foreign substance and attacks the fluid, causing extreme pain because the “battle” takes place on the nearby nerve roots. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  2. Bulging or protruding disc – A “bulging” or “swelling” of the disc. This condition is troubling because the swelling or bulging may cause the disc to push against a nearby nerve root. This is associated with tingling or pain in the extremities, as well as back pain. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  3. Annular tearing – An internal disruption of the disc in a victim’s spine. It is associated with a ripping of the disc and is very painful because there is an abundance of nerves present in the area. Annular tearing can produce severe back pain and possibly leg pain because the effected nerves travel to the legs. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  4. Spinal cord injury – Any type of accident may cause an injury to the spinal cord. This is a serious and life-altering injury. It produces severe symptoms that will alter a person’s life. Many times, a spinal cord injury produces paralysis or other loss of motion. Unfortunately, many of these injuries are permanent and the victim will never recover fully from the accident. Victims with a spinal injury may never be able to walk again. In addition, the victim may require full-time care, such as a nurse, and may never be able to work again. They will also require ongoing medical care and financial assistance for the rest of their lives. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  5. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) – Any type of car accident injuring the head may cause a serious condition called Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This is a serious and life-altering injury. Traumatic Brain Injury is a serious brain injury that many individuals never recover from. It produces severe symptoms and may alter a victim’s personality, motor skills, communication skills, speech, and ability to reason or think clearly. Many victims of Traumatic Brain Injury are never able to work again. They will also require ongoing medical care and financial assistance for the rest of their lives. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  6. Other injuries – any part of the body can be injured in a car accident. Some of the common injuries are discussed above. For details on additional injuries, please contact our experienced DUI accident attorneys.

DUI accident victims may be entitled to significant financial compensation for their injuries. Our DUI accident attorneys will work hard to get you all the money you deserve. You may receive money for your medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical treatment, and a host of other reasons depending upon your case. If you have suffered an injury, please contact our DUI accident attorneys immediately so we may begin getting you the medical treatment and money you deserve.

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Drunk Driving Accident

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

DUI Accident, drinking and driving

DUI Accident, drinking and driving

DUI Accidents – Drunk Driving Accident
It is illegal in Nevada to operate a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 or higher. (NRS 484.379). Las Vegas is a 24 hour town and many bars or casinos never close. Every day, people make the disastrous decision to operate their car after they have drunk too much alcohol. Not only are there criminal penalties for this behavior, but also it can have a far more tragic outcome, such as injuring or killing another driver. Drunk driving accidents happen around the clock in Las Vegas – anytime and anyplace. It is only a matter of time until a habitual drunk driver causes an accident and irrevocably impacts someone else’s life. Our DUI accident attorneys are experienced in dealing with the aftermath of a DUI accident and will allow you to focus on recovering from your injuries.
Unfortunately, DUI accidents frequently produce injuries. An injured victim is first struck by drunk driver; and second victimized by an insurance company that refuses to pay the victim a proper settlement for their injuries. Insurance companies have no incentive to properly compensate victims. Insurance companies are not in business to pay money to victims, they are in business to make money. Shortly after a collision, the insurance company may contact the victim and offer a small monetary settlement. This is almost never a fair settlement, and the insurance companies hope the victim does not contact a DUI accident attorney. Our DUI accident attorneys are able to get you the maximum compensation for your injuries, and prevent you from accepting a very unfair deal from a greedy insurance company.
DUI accidents produce a wide range of injuries. These range from broken bones caused by the traumatic forces of collisions, to soreness and stiffness associated with “whiplash.” Our DUI accident attorneys frequently deal with insurance companies and notice they will typically try to deny all but the most obvious injuries. Insurance companies will attempt to deny certain injuries that are difficult to diagnose, such as whiplash or other soft-tissue injuries. They will also seek to refuse to reimburse medical expenses for diagnostic treatment such as an MRI or X-Rays. However, when our experienced DUI accident attorneys contact the insurance companies, they know these delaying tactics will not work and that they cannot take further advantage of a victim. Our DUI accident attorneys will work hard and force the insurance company to pay you all the money you deserve.
Common injuries associated with DUI accidents are discussed in general “layman’s” terms below. For a complete diagnosis and treatment, please consult with your treating physician.

  1. Herniated disc – A serious condition caused when the internal fluid from a disc in a victim’s spine leaks out of the disc. This causes severe irritation to the nearby nerves. The body identifies the leaking fluid as a foreign substance and attacks the fluid, causing extreme pain because the “battle” takes place on the nearby nerve roots. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  2. Bulging or protruding disc – A “bulging” or “swelling” of the disc. This condition is troubling because the swelling or bulging may cause the disc to push against a nearby nerve root. This is associated with tingling or pain in the extremities, as well as back pain. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  3. Annular tearing – An internal disruption of the disc in a victim’s spine. It is associated with a ripping of the disc and is very painful because there is an abundance of nerves present in the area. Annular tearing can produce severe back pain and possibly leg pain because the effected nerves travel to the legs. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  4. Spinal cord injury – Any type of accident may cause an injury to the spinal cord. This is a serious and life-altering injury. It produces severe symptoms that will alter a person’s life. Many times, a spinal cord injury produces paralysis or other loss of motion. Unfortunately, many of these injuries are permanent and the victim will never recover fully from the accident. Victims with a spinal injury may never be able to walk again. In addition, the victim may require full-time care, such as a nurse, and may never be able to work again. They will also require ongoing medical care and financial assistance for the rest of their lives. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  5. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) – Any type of car accident injuring the head may cause a serious condition called Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This is a serious and life-altering injury. Traumatic Brain Injury is a serious brain injury that many individuals never recover from. It produces severe symptoms and may alter a victim’s personality, motor skills, communication skills, speech, and ability to reason or think clearly. Many victims of Traumatic Brain Injury are never able to work again. They will also require ongoing medical care and financial assistance for the rest of their lives. Please feel free to contact your treating doctor or our DUI accident attorneys for additional helpful information.
  6. Other injuries – any part of the body can be injured in a car accident. Some of the common injuries are discussed above. For details on additional injuries, please contact our experienced DUI accident attorneys.

DUI accident victims may be entitled to significant financial compensation for their injuries. Our DUI accident attorneys will work hard to get you all the money you deserve. You may receive money for your medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical treatment, and a host of other reasons depending upon your case. If you have suffered an injury, please contact our DUI accident attorneys immediately so we may begin getting you the medical treatment and money you deserve.

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Truck Accidents

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

 

18 wheeler Diesel truck accident at traffic intersection

18 wheel Diesel truck accident at traffic intersection

     Collisions involving commercial trucks often produce catastrophic injuries.  This is a natural result of the forces involved in trucking accidents.  Many commercial trucks weigh upwards of 80,000 pounds, compared with approximately 2,200 pounds for a typical car.  So, in a trucking accident, the enormous size and weight of the commercial truck produces serious injuries in almost every case.  Furthermore, commercial trucks often have bumpers or sides that do not match the typical height of a normal car bumper – which removes or negates one of the most common car safety devices.  Another unfortunate reality is that commercial trucks have a much higher ground clearance.  If a car impacts the side of a commercial truck, the top half of the car is often sheared completely off the bottom half of the car – with disastrous results for the car driver.  Our truck accident attorneys will investigate the accident scene and determine who is at fault for the truck accident.       

     It is critical that an experienced truck accident attorney handle your case.  Truck accident cases are much more complex than a typical car accident case.  Commercial truck drivers are governed by a different set of rules than other drivers.  Our truck accident attorneys will thoroughly investigate your case.  It is imperative to obtain and analyze evidence relating to the trucking accident.  For example, our truck accident attorneys will obtain:

           

Las Vegas 18 wheel Diesel truck accident at traffic intersection

Las Vegas 18 wheel Diesel truck accident at traffic intersection

In some cases, commercial truck accidents occur because of driver error or fatigue.  Truck drivers may not pay attention to the road, and not notice oncoming traffic.  They may also force their way into oncoming traffic thinking that any car can stop prior to hitting them.  A common cause of truck accidents is driver fatigue.  Commercial truck drivers are sometimes paid for each delivery, so this encourages truck drivers to stay on the road instead of resting or taking a break.  These financial incentives encourage truck drivers to continue driving when they are tired and dangerous – leading to truck accidents.  It can also encourage truck drivers to skip necessary maintenance because they are in a hurry to continue with their delivery rather than stopping to have brakes checked or other maintenance performed in a timely manner.  Our truck accident attorneys are experienced in investigating these possible causes of a truck accident. 

          
Truck accident victims may be entitled to significant financial compensation for their injuries.  Our truck accident attorneys will work hard to get you all the money you deserve.  You may receive money for your medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical treatment, and a host of other reasons depending upon your case.  If you have suffered an injury, please contact our truck accident attorneys immediately so we may begin getting you the money you deserve.

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Motorcycle Accidents

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Las Vegas Motorcycle AccidentMotorcycle accidents cause severe injuries because the rider lacks the protective cocoon of an automobile. Cars are specifically designed to minimize injuries in a crash and utilize many safety features.  Motorcycles lack these basic safety measures such as seatbelts and air bags.  In addition, a small impact from a car can cause a motorcycle rider to lose control of his bike and suffer serious injuries. 
          Our motorcycle accident attorneys will review your motorcycle accident and determine who should be held responsible for any injuries you suffer.  There are three typical causes of accidents that our motorcycle accident attorneys handle.  First, another driver may cause the motorcycle accident.  Motorcycles are hard to see because they are small.  Unfortunately, aggressive drivers feel that a small motorcycle must move out of their way.  Car drivers may pull out in front of a motorcycle, or cut a motorcycle off, when they would never take that action in the face of another oncoming car or truck.  Our motorcycle accident attorneys will hold these aggressive drivers responsible for their actions.  Second, road conditions may cause a motorcycle accident.  Motorcycles are extremely vulnerable to road conditions.  

Las Vegas Motorcycle AccidentThe current construction on Las Vegas roadways and highways creates difficulties for riders.  Improperly marked roads or unsafe construction zones may appear suddenly and cause a motorcycle accident.  Our motorcycle accident attorneys will fully investigate the accident scene and determine who was responsible for any unsafe road condition.  Third, motorcycle equipment may cause a motorcycle accident or contribute to any injuries.  For example, faulty brakes or defective tires may be the primary cause of a particular motorcycle accident.  Protective clothing such as a helmet or riding clothing may also be defective, allowing injuries which should never have occurred.  Our motorcycle accident attorneys will investigate all possible factors causing the motorcycle accident and promptly pursue them to obtain the maximum compensation for an injured rider. 

  
Motorcycle accident victims may be entitled to significant financial compensation for their injuries.  Our motorcycle accident attorneys will work hard to get you all the money you deserve.  You may receive money for your medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical treatment, and a host of other reasons depending upon your case.  If you have suffered an injury, please contact our motorcycle accident attorneys immediately so we may begin getting you the money you deserve.

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Premises Liability

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Slip and Fall Accidents (Premises Liability)
          A property or store owner is responsible for maintaining the location in a safe manner.  An individual may recover damages from a person who allows a dangerous or unsafe condition to exist on their property.  If a slip and fall accident happens, our slip and fall attorneys are available to assist you. 

 

         A slip and fall accident can happen anyplace there is an unsafe or dangerous condition.  Common locations include grocery stores, movie theatres, restaurants, department stores, and unmarked stairs or drop-offs.  Our slip and fall accident attorneys are able to evaluate your case and get you the maximum compensation for your injuries.  Slip and fall accident victims may be entitled to significant financial compensation for their injuries.  Our slip and fall accident attorneys will work hard to get you all the money you deserve.  You may receive money for your medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical treatment, and a host of other reasons depending upon your case.  If you have suffered an injury, please contact our slip and fall accident attorneys immediately so we may begin getting you the money you deserve.

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Slip and Fall

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Slip and Fall Accidents
          A property or store owner is responsible for maintaining the location in a safe manner.  An individual may recover damages from a person who allows a dangerous or unsafe condition to exist on their property.  If a slip and fall accident happens, our slip and fall attorneys are available to assist you. 

 

         A slip and fall accident can happen anyplace there is an unsafe or dangerous condition.  Common locations include grocery stores, movie theatres, restaurants, department stores, and unmarked stairs or drop-offs.  Our slip and fall accident attorneys are able to evaluate your case and get you the maximum compensation for your injuries.  Slip and fall accident victims may be entitled to significant financial compensation for their injuries.  Our slip and fall accident attorneys will work hard to get you all the money you deserve.  You may receive money for your medical bills, pain and suffering, lost wages, future medical treatment, and a host of other reasons depending upon your case.  If you have suffered an injury, please contact our slip and fall accident attorneys immediately so we may begin getting you the money you deserve.

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Chapter 7

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Chapter 7

Liquidation Under the Bankruptcy Code

The chapter of the Bankruptcy Code providing for “liquidation,” ( i.e., the sale of a debtor’s nonexempt property and the distribution of the proceeds to creditors.)

a. Alternatives to Chapter 7
b. Background
c. Chapter 7 Eligibility
d. How Chapter 7 Works
e. Role of the Case Trustee
f. The Chapter 7 Discharge

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Alternatives to Chapter 7

Debtors should be aware that there are several alternatives to chapter 7 relief. For example, debtors who are engaged in business, including corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships, may prefer to remain in business and avoid liquidation. Such debtors should consider filing a petition under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Under chapter 11, the debtor may seek an adjustment of debts, either by reducing the debt or by extending the time for repayment, or may seek a more comprehensive reorganization. Sole proprietorships may also be eligible for relief under chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code.

In addition, individual debtors who have regular income may seek an adjustment of debts under chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. A particular advantage of chapter 13 is that it provides individual debtors with an opportunity to save their homes from foreclosure by allowing them to “catch up” past due payments through a payment plan. Moreover, the court may dismiss a chapter 7 case filed by an individual whose debts are primarily consumer rather than business debts if the court finds that the granting of relief would be an abuse of chapter 7. 11 U.S.C. § 707(b).

If the debtor’s “current monthly income”(1) is more than the state median, the Bankruptcy Code requires application of a “means test” to determine whether the chapter 7 filing is presumptively abusive. Abuse is presumed if the debtor’s aggregate current monthly income over 5 years, net of certain statutorily allowed expenses, is more than (i) $10,950, or (ii) 25% of the debtor’s nonpriority unsecured debt, as long as that amount is at least $6,575. (2) The debtor may rebut a presumption of abuse only by a showing of special circumstances that justify additional expenses or adjustments of current monthly income. Unless the debtor overcomes the presumption of abuse, the case will generally be converted to chapter 13 (with the debtor’s consent) or will be dismissed. 11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(1).

Debtors should also be aware that out-of-court agreements with creditors or debt counseling services may provide an alternative to a bankruptcy filing.

Background

A chapter 7 bankruptcy case does not involve the filing of a plan of repayment as in chapter 13. Instead, the bankruptcy trustee gathers and sells the debtor’s nonexempt assets and uses the proceeds of such assets to pay holders of claims (creditors) in accordance with the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. Part of the debtor’s property may be subject to liens and mortgages that pledge the property to other creditors. In addition, the Bankruptcy Code will allow the debtor to keep certain “exempt” property; but a trustee will liquidate the debtor’s remaining assets. Accordingly, potential debtors should realize that the filing of a petition under chapter 7 may result in the loss of property.

Chapter 7 Eligibility

To qualify for relief under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, the debtor may be an individual, a partnership, or a corporation or other business entity. 11 U.S.C. §§ 101(41), 109(b). Subject to the means test described above for individual debtors, relief is available under chapter 7 irrespective of the amount of the debtor’s debts or whether the debtor is solvent or insolvent. An individual cannot file under chapter 7 or any other chapter, however, if during the preceding 180 days a prior bankruptcy petition was dismissed due to the debtor’s willful failure to appear before the court or comply with orders of the court, or the debtor voluntarily dismissed the previous case after creditors sought relief from the bankruptcy court to recover property upon which they hold liens. 11 U.S.C. §§ 109(g), 362(d) and (e). In addition, no individual may be a debtor under chapter 7 or any chapter of the Bankruptcy Code unless he or she has, within 180 days before filing, received credit counseling from an approved credit counseling agency either in an individual or group briefing. 11 U.S.C. §§ 109, 111. There are exceptions in emergency situations or where the U.S. trustee (or bankruptcy administrator) has determined that there are insufficient approved agencies to provide the required counseling. If a debt management plan is developed during required credit counseling, it must be filed with the court.

One of the primary purposes of bankruptcy is to discharge certain debts to give an honest individual debtor a “fresh start.” The debtor has no liability for discharged debts. In a chapter 7 case, however, a discharge is only available to individual debtors, not to partnerships or corporations. 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(1). Although an individual chapter 7 case usually results in a discharge of debts, the right to a discharge is not absolute, and some types of debts are not discharged. Moreover, a bankruptcy discharge does not extinguish a lien on property.

How Chapter 7 Works

A chapter 7 case begins with the debtor filing a petition with the bankruptcy court serving the area where the individual lives or where the business debtor is organized or has its principal place of business or principal assets. (3) In addition to the petition, the debtor must also file with the court: (1) schedules of assets and liabilities; (2) a schedule of current income and expenditures; (3) a statement of financial affairs; and (4) a schedule of executory contracts and unexpired leases. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(b). Debtors must also provide the assigned case trustee with a copy of the tax return or transcripts for the most recent tax year as well as tax returns filed during the case (including tax returns for prior years that had not been filed when the case began). 11 U.S.C. § 521. Individual debtors with primarily consumer debts have additional document filing requirements. They must file: a certificate of credit counseling and a copy of any debt repayment plan developed through credit counseling; evidence of payment from employers, if any, received 60 days before filing; a statement of monthly net income and any anticipated increase in income or expenses after filing; and a record of any interest the debtor has in federal or state qualified education or tuition accounts. Id. A husband and wife may file a joint petition or individual petitions. 11 U.S.C. § 302(a). Even if filing jointly, a husband and wife are subject to all the document filing requirements of individual debtors. (The Official Forms may be purchased at legal stationery stores or downloaded from the internet at www.uscourts.gov/bkforms/index.html. They are not available from the court.)

The courts must charge a $245 case filing fee, a $39 miscellaneous administrative fee, and a $15 trustee surcharge. Normally, the fees must be paid to the clerk of the court upon filing. With the court’s permission, however, individual debtors may pay in installments. 28 U.S.C. § 1930(a); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1006(b); Bankruptcy Court Miscellaneous Fee Schedule, Item 8. The number of installments is limited to four, and the debtor must make the final installment no later than 120 days after filing the petition. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1006. For cause shown, the court may extend the time of any installment, provided that the last installment is paid not later than 180 days after filing the petition. Id. The debtor may also pay the $39 administrative fee and the $15 trustee surcharge in installments. If a joint petition is filed, only one filing fee, one administrative fee, and one trustee surcharge are charged. Debtors should be aware that failure to pay these fees may result in dismissal of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 707(a).

If the debtor’s income is less than 150% of the poverty level (as defined in the Bankruptcy Code), and the debtor is unable to pay the chapter 7 fees even in installments, the court may waive the requirement that the fees be paid. 28 U.S.C. § 1930(f).

In order to complete the Official Bankruptcy Forms that make up the petition, statement of financial affairs, and schedules, the debtor must provide the following information:

1. A list of all creditors and the amount and nature of their claims;
2. The source, amount, and frequency of the debtor’s income;
3. A list of all of the debtor’s property; and
4. A detailed list of the debtor’s monthly living expenses, i.e., food, clothing, shelter, utilities, taxes, transportation, medicine, etc.
Married individuals must gather this information for their spouse regardless of whether they are filing a joint petition, separate individual petitions, or even if only one spouse is filing. In a situation where only one spouse files, the income and expenses of the non-filing spouse is required so that the court, the trustee and creditors can evaluate the household’s financial position.

Among the schedules that an individual debtor will file is a schedule of “exempt” property. The Bankruptcy Code allows an individual debtor (4) to protect some property from the claims of creditors because it is exempt under federal bankruptcy law or under the laws of the debtor’s home state. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b). Many states have taken advantage of a provision in the Bankruptcy Code that permits each state to adopt its own exemption law in place of the federal exemptions. In other jurisdictions, the individual debtor has the option of choosing between a federal package of exemptions or the exemptions available under state law. Thus, whether certain property is exempt and may be kept by the debtor is often a question of state law. The debtor should consult an attorney to determine the exemptions available in the state where the debtor lives.

Filing a petition under chapter 7 “automatically stays” (stops) most collection actions against the debtor or the debtor’s property. 11 U.S.C. § 362. But filing the petition does not stay certain types of actions listed under 11 U.S.C. § 362(b), and the stay may be effective only for a short time in some situations. The stay arises by operation of law and requires no judicial action. As long as the stay is in effect, creditors generally may not initiate or continue lawsuits, wage garnishments, or even telephone calls demanding payments. The bankruptcy clerk gives notice of the bankruptcy case to all creditors whose names and addresses are provided by the debtor.

Between 20 and 40 days after the petition is filed, the case trustee (described below) will hold a meeting of creditors. If the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator (5) schedules the meeting at a place that does not have regular U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator staffing, the meeting may be held no more than 60 days after the order for relief. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2003(a). During this meeting, the trustee puts the debtor under oath, and both the trustee and creditors may ask questions. The debtor must attend the meeting and answer questions regarding the debtor’s financial affairs and property. 11 U.S.C. § 343. If a husband and wife have filed a joint petition, they both must attend the creditors’ meeting and answer questions. Within 10 days of the creditors’ meeting, the U.S. trustee will report to the court whether the case should be presumed to be an abuse under the means test described in 11 U.S.C. § 704(b).

It is important for the debtor to cooperate with the trustee and to provide any financial records or documents that the trustee requests. The Bankruptcy Code requires the trustee to ask the debtor questions at the meeting of creditors to ensure that the debtor is aware of the potential consequences of seeking a discharge in bankruptcy such as the effect on credit history, the ability to file a petition under a different chapter, the effect of receiving a discharge, and the effect of reaffirming a debt. Some trustees provide written information on these topics at or before the meeting to ensure that the debtor is aware of this information. In order to preserve their independent judgment, bankruptcy judges are prohibited from attending the meeting of creditors. 11 U.S.C. § 341(c).

In order to accord the debtor complete relief, the Bankruptcy Code allows the debtor to convert a chapter 7 case to case under chapter 11, 12 or 13 (6) as long as the debtor is eligible to be a debtor under the new chapter. However, a condition of the debtor’s voluntary conversion is that the case has not previously been converted to chapter 7 from another chapter. 11 U.S.C. § 706(a). Thus, the debtor will not be permitted to convert the case repeatedly from one chapter to another.

Role of the Case Trustee

When a chapter 7 petition is filed, the U.S. trustee (or the bankruptcy court in Alabama and North Carolina) appoints an impartial case trustee to administer the case and liquidate the debtor’s nonexempt assets. 11 U.S.C. §§ 701, 704. If all the debtor’s assets are exempt or subject to valid liens, the trustee will normally file a “no asset” report with the court, and there will be no distribution to unsecured creditors. Most chapter 7 cases involving individual debtors are no asset cases. But if the case appears to be an “asset” case at the outset, unsecured creditors (7) must file their claims with the court within 90 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3002(c). A governmental unit, however, has 180 days from the date the case is filed to file a claim. 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(9). In the typical no asset chapter 7 case, there is no need for creditors to file proofs of claim because there will be no distribution. If the trustee later recovers assets for distribution to unsecured creditors, the Bankruptcy Court will provide notice to creditors and will allow additional time to file proofs of claim. Although a secured creditor does not need to file a proof of claim in a chapter 7 case to preserve its security interest or lien, there may be other reasons to file a claim. A creditor in a chapter 7 case who has a lien on the debtor’s property should consult an attorney for advice.

Commencement of a bankruptcy case creates an “estate.” The estate technically becomes the temporary legal owner of all the debtor’s property. It consists of all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case, including property owned or held by another person if the debtor has an interest in the property. Generally speaking, the debtor’s creditors are paid from nonexempt property of the estate.

The primary role of a chapter 7 trustee in an asset case is to liquidate the debtor’s nonexempt assets in a manner that maximizes the return to the debtor’s unsecured creditors. The trustee accomplishes this by selling the debtor’s property if it is free and clear of liens (as long as the property is not exempt) or if it is worth more than any security interest or lien attached to the property and any exemption that the debtor holds in the property. The trustee may also attempt to recover money or property under the trustee’s “avoiding powers.” The trustee’s avoiding powers include the power to: set aside preferential transfers made to creditors within 90 days before the petition; undo security interests and other prepetition transfers of property that were not properly perfected under nonbankruptcy law at the time of the petition; and pursue nonbankruptcy claims such as fraudulent conveyance and bulk transfer remedies available under state law. In addition, if the debtor is a business, the bankruptcy court may authorize the trustee to operate the business for a limited period of time, if such operation will benefit creditors and enhance the liquidation of the estate. 11 U.S.C. § 721.

Section 726 of the Bankruptcy Code governs the distribution of the property of the estate. Under § 726, there are six classes of claims; and each class must be paid in full before the next lower class is paid anything. The debtor is only paid if all other classes of claims have been paid in full. Accordingly, the debtor is not particularly interested in the trustee’s disposition of the estate assets, except with respect to the payment of those debts which for some reason are not dischargeable in the bankruptcy case. The individual debtor’s primary concerns in a chapter 7 case are to retain exempt property and to receive a discharge that covers as many debts as possible.

The Chapter 7 Discharge

A discharge releases individual debtors from personal liability for most debts and prevents the creditors owed those debts from taking any collection actions against the debtor. Because a chapter 7 discharge is subject to many exceptions, though, debtors should consult competent legal counsel before filing to discuss the scope of the discharge. Generally, excluding cases that are dismissed or converted, individual debtors receive a discharge in more than 99 percent of chapter 7 cases. In most cases, unless a party in interest files a complaint objecting to the discharge or a motion to extend the time to object, the bankruptcy court will issue a discharge order relatively early in the case – generally, 60 to 90 days after the date first set for the meeting of creditors. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004(c).

The grounds for denying an individual debtor a discharge in a chapter 7 case are narrow and are construed against the moving party. Among other reasons, the court may deny the debtor a discharge if it finds that the debtor: failed to keep or produce adequate books or financial records; failed to explain satisfactorily any loss of assets; committed a bankruptcy crime such as perjury; failed to obey a lawful order of the bankruptcy court; fraudulently transferred, concealed, or destroyed property that would have become property of the estate; or failed to complete an approved instructional course concerning financial management. 11 U.S.C. § 727; Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4005.

Secured creditors may retain some rights to seize property securing an underlying debt even after a discharge is granted. Depending on individual circumstances, if a debtor wishes to keep certain secured property (such as an automobile), he or she may decide to “reaffirm” the debt. A reaffirmation is an agreement between the debtor and the creditor that the debtor will remain liable and will pay all or a portion of the money owed, even though the debt would otherwise be discharged in the bankruptcy. In return, the creditor promises that it will not repossess or take back the automobile or other property so long as the debtor continues to pay the debt.

If the debtor decides to reaffirm a debt, he or she must do so before the discharge is entered. The debtor must sign a written reaffirmation agreement and file it with the court. 11 U.S.C. § 524(c). The Bankruptcy Code requires that reaffirmation agreements contain an extensive set of disclosures described in 11 U.S.C. § 524(k). Among other things, the disclosures must advise the debtor of the amount of the debt being reaffirmed and how it is calculated and that reaffirmation means that the debtor’s personal liability for that debt will not be discharged in the bankruptcy. The disclosures also require the debtor to sign and file a statement of his or her current income and expenses which shows that the balance of income paying expenses is sufficient to pay the reaffirmed debt. If the balance is not enough to pay the debt to be reaffirmed, there is a presumption of undue hardship, and the court may decide not to approve the reaffirmation agreement. Unless the debtor is represented by an attorney, the bankruptcy judge must approve the reaffirmation agreement.

If the debtor was represented by an attorney in connection with the reaffirmation agreement, the attorney must certify in writing that he or she advised the debtor of the legal effect and consequences of the agreement, including a default under the agreement. The attorney must also certify that the debtor was fully informed and voluntarily made the agreement and that reaffirmation of the debt will not create an undue hardship for the debtor or the debtor’s dependants. 11 U.S.C. § 524(k). The Bankruptcy Code requires a reaffirmation hearing if the debtor has not been represented by an attorney during the negotiating of the agreement, or if the court disapproves the reaffirmation agreement.11 U.S.C. § 524(d) and (m). The debtor may repay any debt voluntarily, however, whether or not a reaffirmation agreement exists. 11 U.S.C. § 524(f).

An individual receives a discharge for most of his or her debts in a chapter 7 bankruptcy case. A creditor may no longer initiate or continue any legal or other action against the debtor to collect a discharged debt. But not all of an individual’s debts are discharged in chapter 7. Debts not discharged include debts for alimony and child support, certain taxes, debts for certain educational benefit overpayments or loans made or guaranteed by a governmental unit, debts for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity, debts for death or personal injury caused by the debtor’s operation of a motor vehicle while the debtor was intoxicated from alcohol or other substances, and debts for certain criminal restitution orders.11 U.S.C. § 523(a). The debtor will continue to be liable for these types of debts to the extent that they are not paid in the chapter 7 case. Debts for money or property obtained by false pretenses, debts for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, and debts for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity will be discharged unless a creditor timely files and prevails in an action to have such debts declared nondischargeable. 11 U.S.C. § 523(c); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4007(c).

The court may revoke a chapter 7 discharge on the request of the trustee, a creditor, or the U.S. trustee if the discharge was obtained through fraud by the debtor, if the debtor acquired property that is property of the estate and knowingly and fraudulently failed to report the acquisition of such property or to surrender the property to the trustee, or if the debtor (without a satisfactory explanation) makes a material misstatement or fails to provide documents or other information in connection with an audit of the debtor’s case. 11 U.S.C. § 727(d).

——————————————————————————–

NOTES

1. The “current monthly income” received by the debtor is a defined term in the Bankruptcy Code and means the average monthly income received over the six calendar months before commencement of the bankruptcy case, including regular contributions to household expenses from nondebtors and including income from the debtor’s spouse if the petition is a joint petition, but not including social security income or certain payments made because the debtor is the victim of certain crimes. 11 U.S.C. § 101(10A). return to text
2. To determine whether a presumption of abuse arises, all individual debtors with primarily consumer debts who file a chapter 7 case must complete Official Bankruptcy Form B22A, entitled “Statement of Current Monthly Income and Means Test Calculation – For Use in Chapter 7.” (The Official Forms may be purchased at legal stationery stores or downloaded from the internet at www.uscourts.gov/bkforms/index.html. They are not available from the court.) return to text
3. An involuntary chapter 7 case may be commenced under certain circumstances by a petition filed by creditors holding claims against the debtor. 11 U.S.C. § 303. return to text
4. Each debtor in a joint case (both husband and wife) can claim exemptions under the federal bankruptcy laws. 11 U.S.C. § 522(m). return to text
5. In North Carolina and Alabama, bankruptcy administrators perform similar functions that U.S. trustees perform in the remaining 48 states. These duties include establishing a panel of private trustees to serve as trustees in chapter 7 cases and supervising the administration of cases and trustees in cases under chapters 7, 11, 12, and 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. The bankruptcy administrator program is administered by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, while the U.S. trustee program is administered by the Department of Justice. For purposes of this publication, references to U.S. trustees are also applicable to bankruptcy administrators. return to text
6. A fee is charged for converting, on request of the debtor, a case under chapter 7 to a case under chapter 11. The fee charged is the difference between the filing fee for a chapter 7 and the filing fee for a chapter 11. 28 U.S.C. § 1930(a). Currently, the difference is $755. Id. There is no fee for converting from chapter 7 to chapter 13. return to text
7. Unsecured debts generally may be defined as those for which the extension of credit was based purely upon an evaluation by the creditor of the debtor’s ability to pay, as opposed to secured debts, for which the extension of credit was based upon the creditor’s right to seize collateral on default, in addition to the debtor’s ability to pay. return to text

 

 

 

Source:  http://www.uscourts.gov/bankruptcycourts/bankruptcybasics/process.html

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HPDP Press Release

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

July 28, 2009

Treasury Announces Home Price Decline Protection Incentives

WASHINGTON – As part of an ongoing effort to expand relief to struggling homeowners, Treasury released today the Supplemental Directive for its Home Price Decline Protection (HPDP) program, a component of the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP).  HPDP provides additional incentive payments for modifications on properties located in areas where home prices have recently declined.  The purpose of the program is to encourage additional lender participation and HAMP modifications in areas with recent price declines by helping to offset any incremental collateral loss on modifications that do not succeed.  HPDP will help ensure that borrowers in areas with recent home price declines have the opportunity to stay in their homes, thereby minimizing foreclosures, which further depress home values.

“This is an important next step in our multi-faceted efforts to bring relief to struggling homeowners and stabilize the housing market,” said Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions Michael Barr. “Home price decline protection can help homeowners who may not have been reached otherwise.”

All HAMP loan modifications begun after September 1st, 2009 are eligible for HPDP payments. 

HAMP offers incentives to investors/lenders, servicers, and homeowners for successful mortgage modifications.  The “pay-for-success” structure of HAMP provides incentives to create sustainable mortgage modifications in a manner most cost effective for taxpayers. 

Treasury has allocated a total of up to $10 billion for the HPDP program, but the actual amount spent will depend on the home price trends.  The funds available to individual servicers to pay HPDP and all other incentives on HAMP modifications will be capped according to the Program Participation Cap included in their Servicer Participation Agreement.  Treasury will establish each servicer’s initial cap by estimating the number of modifications that servicer is expected to perform during the term of HAMP. 

The Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) commits $75 billion dollars, including $50 billion of funds from the Troubled Asset Relief Program, to encourage loan modifications that will provide sustainably affordable mortgage payments for borrowers.

HAMP is one component of Making Home Affordable, the Administration’s comprehensive plan to stabilize the US housing market and offer assistance to millions of homeowners by reducing mortgage payments and preventing avoidable foreclosures.  Making Home affordable includes: (1) the $75 billion HAMP program, (2) the Home Affordable Refinancing Program providing increased refinancing opportunities for borrowers with high loan-to-value ratios and (3) a $200 billion commitment to increase confidence in the GSEs and support increased refinancing generally.

 

 

Source: http://www.makinghomeaffordable.gov/pr_07312009.html

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State Foreclosure Laws

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Judicial foreclosure: In the absence of a power of sale clause in the loan document, a lender may sue the borrower to obtain a court order to foreclose and sell the property.

Non-judicial foreclosure is pursued when a power of sale clause is present in the loan document. If the clause contains instructions as to the time, place, and terms of sale, that procedure must be followed. If not, a notice of sale must be published weekly for four consecutive weeks in a newspaper published in the county in which the property is located. If no newspaper is published in the subject county, the notice shall be published in a newspaper in an adjoining county.

The sale may not be held until 30 days from the last date of publication, and shall be held between the hours of 11:00 AM and 4:00 PM at the courthouse door as a public auction for cash to the highest bidder.

Right of redemption: The owner has 12 months in which to redeem the property. Deficiency judgments are permitted.

 

Nevada
Judicial Foreclosure-Sometimes
Non-Judicial Foreclosure-Yes, most common
Security Instruments-Deed of Trust, Mortgage
Right of Redemption-judicial foreclosure only
Deficiency Judgments-Yes
Time Frame-Usually 120 days

 

 

Arizona
Judicial Foreclosure-Sometimes
Non-Judicial Foreclosure-Yes, most common
Security Instruments-Deed of Trust, Mortgage
Right of Redemption-No
Deficiency Judgments-Varies
Time Frame-Usually 90 days

California
Judicial Foreclosure-Sometimes
Non-Judicial Foreclosure-Yes, most common
Security Instruments-Deed of Trust, Mortgage
Right of Redemption-Yes, judicial foreclosure only
Deficiency Judgments-Yes, judicial foreclosure only
Time Frame-111 days or more

New York
Judicial Foreclosure-Yes
Non-Judicial Foreclosure-Yes, but almost never used
Security Instruments-Deed of Trust, Mortgage
Right of Redemption-No
Deficiency Judgments-Yes
Time Frame-Usually 12-19 months

Nevada
Judicial Foreclosure-Sometimes
Non-Judicial Foreclosure-Yes, most common
Security Instruments-Deed of Trust, Mortgage
Right of Redemption-judicial foreclosure only
Deficiency Judgments-Yes
Time Frame-Usually 120 days


Pennsylvania
Judicial Foreclosure-Yes
Non-Judicial Foreclosure-No
Security Instruments-Mortgage
Right of Redemption-No
Deficiency Judgment-Yes
Time Frame-Usually 90 days

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Assembly Bill 149

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

The Foreclosure Mediation Program was established as a result of the Assembly Bill 149, passed on May 29th during the 2009 session of the Nevada Legislature, and going in to effect on July 1st. Its purpose is to address the foreclosure crisis head-on and to help keep Nevada families in their homes.
 

This law establishes a Foreclosure Mediation Program for owner-occupied residential properties that are subject to foreclosure notices – formally known as a Notice of Default and Election to Sell – filed on or after July 1, 2009.

  Mediation is an alternative method to help parties resolve disputes by agreement with the help of trained mediators.

 

Form to Request Mediation (Instructions included)

  

Description:

Under Nevada law, the program is open to homeowners of owner-occupied houses who receive foreclosure notices (formally titled Notice of Default and Election to Sell) that were filed on or after July 1, 2009.  Persons who received foreclosure notices filed before that date may join the mediation program only if their lenders agree.  If you received a foreclosure notice filed before July 1, 2009, do not submit this form unless your lender has already agreed to participate.

 

 

 
Assembly Bill No. 149–Assemblymen Buckley, Oceguera, Conklin,

Leslie, Smith; Aizley, Anderson, Atkinson, Bobzien,

Claborn, Denis, Dondero Loop, Goicoechea, Grady,

Hambrick, Hardy, Hogan, Horne, Kihuen, Kirkpatrick,

Koivisto, Manendo, Mastroluca, McClain, Munford,

Ohrenschall, Parnell, Pierce, Segerblom, Settelmeyer,

Spiegel and Stewart

Joint Sponsors: Senators Horsford; and Coffin

CHAPTER……….

AN ACT relating to real property; revising provisions governing

foreclosures on property; providing for mediation under

certain circumstances; providing for the imposition of a fee

for mediation; and providing other matters properly relating

thereto.

 
Legislative Counsel’s Digest:

 
 

 
Existing law sets forth procedures governing foreclosures on real property upon

default. A trustee under a deed of trust has the power to sell the property to which

the deed of trust applies, subject to certain restrictions. (NRS 107.080, 107.085)

 
Section 1

sale with respect to owner-occupied housing by providing a grantor of a deed of

trust or the person who holds the title of record with the right to request mediation

under which he may receive a loan modification. Once mediation is requested, no

further action may be taken to exercise the power of sale until the completion of the

mediation. Each mediation must be conducted by a senior justice, judge, hearing

master or other designee pursuant to rules adopted by the Nevada Supreme Court,

and a fee of not more than $85 per hour may be charged and collected for the

mediation.

respect to owner-occupied housing by revising the period in which a deficiency in

performance or payment under the trust agreement may be made good before the

trustee may exercise that power. Similarly,

the trustee’s power of sale with respect to owner-occupied housing by revising the

manner in which service of notice that a person is in danger of losing his home

must be made. In addition,

Court to adopt rules providing for voluntary mediation with respect to a

homeowner who is not in default but is at risk of default.

 
 

of this bill establishes additional restrictions on the trustee’s power of
Section 2 of this bill also restricts the trustee’s power of sale withsection 3 of this bill restrictssection 4 of this bill authorizes the Nevada Supreme

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEVADA, REPRESENTED IN

SENATE AND ASSEMBLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1.

thereto a new section to read as follows:

Chapter 107 of NRS is hereby amended by adding

. In addition to the requirements of NRS 107.085, the

exercise of the power of sale pursuant to NRS 107.080 with respect
– 2 –
-
to any trust agreement which concerns owner-occupied housing is

subject to the provisions of this section.

. The trustee shall not exercise a power of sale pursuant to

NRS 107.080 unless the trustee:

(a) Includes with the notice of default and election to sell

which is mailed to the grantor or the person who holds the title of

record as required by subsection 3 of NRS 107.080:

(1) Contact information which the grantor or the person

who holds the title of record may use to reach a person with

authority to negotiate a loan modification on behalf of the

beneficiary of the deed of trust;

(2) Contact information for at least one local housing

counseling agency approved by the United States Department of

Housing and Urban Development; and

(3) A form upon which the grantor or the person who holds

the title of record may indicate his election to enter into mediation

or to waive mediation and one envelope addressed to the trustee

and one envelope addressed to the Mediation Administrator,

which the grantor or the person who holds the title of record may

use to comply with the provisions of subsection 3;

(b) Serves a copy of the notice upon the Mediation

Administrator; and

(c) Causes to be recorded in the office of the recorder of the

county in which the trust property, or some part thereof, is

situated:

(1) The certificate provided to the trustee by the Mediation

Administrator pursuant to subsection 3 or 6 which provides that

no mediation is required in the matter; or

(2) The certificate provided to the trustee by the Mediation

Administrator pursuant to subsection 7 which provides that

mediation has been completed in the matter.

. The grantor or the person who holds the title of record

shall, not later than 30 days after service of the notice upon him in

the manner required by NRS 107.080, complete the form required

by subparagraph (3) of paragraph (a) of subsection 2 and return

the form to the trustee by certified mail, return receipt requested.

If the grantor or the person who holds the title of record indicates

on the form his election to enter into mediation, the trustee shall

notify the beneficiary of the deed of trust and every other person

with an interest as defined in NRS 107.090, by certified mail,

return receipt requested, of the election of the grantor or the

person who holds the title of record to enter into mediation and

file the form with the Mediation Administrator, who shall assign
– 3 –
-
the matter to a senior justice, judge, hearing master or other

designee and schedule the matter for mediation. No further action

may be taken to exercise the power of sale until the completion of

the mediation. If the grantor or the person who holds the title of

record indicates on the form his election to waive mediation or

fails to return the form to the trustee as required by this

subsection, the trustee shall execute an affidavit attesting to that

fact under penalty of perjury and serve a copy of the affidavit,

together with the waiver of mediation by the grantor or the person

who holds the title of record, or proof of service on the grantor or

the person who holds the title of record of the notice required by

subsection 2 of this section and subsection 3 of NRS 107.080,

upon the Mediation Administrator. Upon receipt of the affidavit

and the waiver or proof of service, the Mediation Administrator

shall provide to the trustee a certificate which provides that no

mediation is required in the matter.

. Each mediation required by this section must be conducted

by a senior justice, judge, hearing master or other designee

pursuant to the rules adopted pursuant to subsection 8. The

beneficiary of the deed of trust or his representative shall attend

the mediation. The grantor or his representative shall attend the

mediation if the grantor elected to enter into mediation, or the

person who holds the title of record or his representative shall

attend the mediation if the person who holds the title of record

elected to enter into mediation. The beneficiary of the deed of trust

shall bring to the mediation the original or a certified copy of the

deed of trust, the mortgage note and each assignment of the deed

of trust or mortgage note. If the beneficiary of the deed of trust is

represented at the mediation by another person, that person must

have authority to negotiate a loan modification on behalf of the

beneficiary of the deed of trust or have access at all times during

the mediation to a person with such authority.

. If the beneficiary of the deed of trust or his representative

fails to attend the mediation, fails to participate in the mediation in

good faith or does not bring to the mediation each document

required by subsection 4 or does not have the authority or access

to a person with the authority required by subsection 4, the

mediator shall prepare and submit to the Mediation Administrator

a petition and recommendation concerning the imposition of

sanctions against the beneficiary of the deed of trust or his

representative. The court may issue an order imposing such

sanctions against the beneficiary of the deed of trust or his

representative as the court determines appropriate, including,
– 4 –
-
without limitation, requiring a loan modification in the manner

determined proper by the court.

. If the grantor or the person who holds the title of record

elected to enter into mediation and fails to attend the mediation,

the Mediation Administrator shall provide to the trustee a

certificate which states that no mediation is required in the matter.

. If the mediator determines that the parties, while acting in

good faith, are not able to agree to a loan modification, the

mediator shall prepare and submit to the Mediation Administrator

a recommendation that the matter be terminated. The Mediation

Administrator shall provide to the trustee a certificate which

provides that the mediation required by this section has been

completed in the matter.

. The Supreme Court shall adopt rules necessary to carry

out the provisions of this section. The rules must, without

limitation, include provisions:

(a) Designating an entity to serve as the Mediation

Administrator pursuant to this section. The entities that may be so

designated include, without limitation, the Administrative Office

of the Courts, the District Court of the county in which the

property is situated or any other judicial entity.

(b) Ensuring that mediations occur in an orderly and timely

manner.

(c) Requiring each party to a mediation to provide such

information as the mediator determines necessary.

(d) Establishing procedures to protect the mediation process

from abuse and to ensure that each party to the mediation acts in

good faith.

(e) Establishing a total fee of not more than $400 that may be

charged and collected by the Mediation Administrator for

mediation services pursuant to this section and providing that the

responsibility for payment of the fee must be shared equally by the

parties to the mediation.

. Except as otherwise provided in subsection 11, the

provisions of this section do not apply if:

(a) The grantor or the person who holds the title of record has

surrendered the property, as evidenced by a letter confirming the

surrender or delivery of the keys to the property to the trustee, the

beneficiary of the deed of trust or the mortgagee, or an authorized

agent thereof; or

(b) A petition in bankruptcy has been filed with respect to the

grantor or the person who holds the title of record under chapter

, 11, 12 or 13 of Title 11 of the United States Code and the
– 5 –
-
bankruptcy court has not entered an order closing or dismissing

the case or granting relief from a stay of foreclosure.

. A noncommercial lender is not excluded from the

application of this section.

. The Mediation Administrator and each mediator who acts

pursuant to this section in good faith and without gross negligence

is immune from civil liability for those acts.

. As used in this section:

(a) “Mediation Administrator” means the entity so designated

pursuant to subsection 8.

(b) “Noncommercial lender” means a lender which makes a

loan secured by a deed of trust on owner-occupied housing and

which is not a bank, financial institution or other entity regulated

pursuant to title 55 or 56 of NRS.

(c) “Owner-occupied housing” means housing that is occupied

by an owner as his primary residence. The term does not include

any time share or other property regulated under chapter 119A of

NRS.
Sec. 2.

7.080 1. Except as otherwise provided in NRS 107.085,

NRS 107.080 is hereby amended to read as follows:

and section 1 of this act,

property is made after March 29, 1927, to secure the performance of

an obligation or the payment of any debt, a power of sale is hereby

conferred upon the trustee to be exercised after a breach of the

obligation for which the transfer is security.

. The power of sale must not be exercised, however, until:

(a)

case of any trust agreement coming into force:

(1) On or after July 1, 1949, and before July 1, 1957, the

grantor,

of record,

other person who has a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record

on the property

prescribed in subsection 3, failed to make good the deficiency in

performance or payment; or

(2) On or after July 1, 1957, the grantor,

interest,

under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person who has a

subordinate lien or encumbrance of record on the property

if any transfer in trust of any estate in real
[In] Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b), in the[or his successor in interest,] the person who holds the titlea beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any[,] has , for a period of 15 days, computed as[or his successor in] the person who holds the title of record, a beneficiary[,] has ,

for a period of 35 days, computed as prescribed in subsection 3,

failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment;

(b)

housing as defined in section 1 of this act, the grantor,

In the case of any trust agreement which concerns owneroccupied

– 6 –
-
the person who holds the title of record, a beneficiary under a

subordinate deed of trust or any other person who has a

subordinate lien or encumbrance of record on the property has,

for a period that commences in the manner and subject to the

requirements described in subsection 3 and expires 5 days before

the date of sale, failed to make good the deficiency in performance

or payment;

(c)

or the trustee first executes and causes to be recorded in the office of

the recorder of the county wherein the trust property, or some part

thereof, is situated a notice of the breach and of his election to sell

or cause to be sold the property to satisfy the obligation; and

The beneficiary, the successor in interest of the beneficiary

[

of the notice.

. The 15- or 35-day period provided in paragraph (a) of

subsection 2

subsection 2,

which the notice of default and election to sell is recorded in the

office of the county recorder of the county in which the property is

located and a copy of the notice of default and election to sell is

mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested and

with postage prepaid to the grantor

holds the title of record on the date the notice of default and election

to sell is recorded, at

known, otherwise to the address of the trust property. The notice of

default and election to sell must describe the deficiency in

performance or payment and may contain a notice of intent to

declare the entire unpaid balance due if acceleration is permitted by

the obligation secured by the deed of trust, but acceleration must not

occur if the deficiency in performance or payment is made good and

any costs, fees and expenses incident to the preparation or

recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the

deficiency in performance or payment are paid within the time

specified in subsection 2.

. The trustee, or other person authorized to make the sale

under the terms of the trust deed or transfer in trust, shall, after

expiration of the 3-month period following the recording of the

notice of breach and election to sell, and before the making of

the sale, give notice of the time and place thereof by recording the

notice of sale and by:

(a) Providing the notice to each trustor and any other person

entitled to notice pursuant to this section by personal service or by

mailing the notice by registered or certified mail to the last known

(c)
] (d) Not less than 3 months have elapsed after the recording, or the period provided in paragraph (b) ofcommences on the first day following the day upon[, and] or to the person who[their respective addresses,] his address, if

– 7 –
-
address of the trustor and any other person entitled to such notice

pursuant to this section;

(b) Posting a similar notice particularly describing the property,

for 20 days successively, in three public places of the township or

city where the property is situated and where the property is to be

sold; and

(c) Publishing a copy of the notice three times, once each week

for 3 consecutive weeks, in a newspaper of general circulation in the

county where the property is situated.

. Every sale made under the provisions of this section and

other sections of this chapter vests in the purchaser the title of the

grantor and his successors in interest without equity or right of

redemption. A sale made pursuant to this section may be declared

void by any court of competent jurisdiction in the county where the

sale took place if:

(a) The trustee or other person authorized to make the sale does

not substantially comply with the provisions of this section

any applicable provision of section 1 of this act;

[;] or

(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection 6, an action is

commenced in the county where the sale took place within 90 days

after the date of the sale; and

(c) A notice of lis pendens providing notice of the pendency of

the action is recorded in the office of the county recorder of the

county where the sale took place within 30 days after

commencement of the action.

. If proper notice is not provided pursuant to subsection 3 or

paragraph (a) of subsection 4 to the grantor, to the person who holds

the title of record on the date the notice of default and election to

sell is recorded, to each trustor or to any other person entitled to

such notice, the person who did not receive such proper notice may

commence an action pursuant to subsection 5 within 120 days after

the date on which the person received actual notice of the sale.

. The sale of a lease of a dwelling unit of a cooperative

housing corporation vests in the purchaser title to the shares in the

corporation which accompany the lease.
Sec. 3.

7.085 1. With regard to a transfer in trust of an estate in

real property to secure the performance of an obligation or the

payment of a debt, the provisions of this section apply to the

exercise of a power of sale pursuant to NRS 107.080 only if:

(a) The trust agreement becomes effective on or after October 1,

03

NRS 107.085 is hereby amended to read as follows:
[; and

– 8 –
-
(b) On

agreement is subject to the provisions of § 152 of the Home

Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994, 15 U.S.C. §

02(aa), and the regulations adopted by the Board of Governors of

the Federal Reserve System pursuant thereto, including, without

limitation, 12 C.F.R. § 226.32

(b) The trust agreement concerns owner-occupied housing as

defined in section 1 of this act.

] , and, on the date the trust agreement is made, the trust[.] ; or

. The trustee shall not exercise a power of sale pursuant to

NRS 107.080 unless:

(a) In the manner required by subsection 3, not later than 60

days before the date of the sale, the trustee causes to be served upon

the grantor

the form described in subsection 3; and

(b) If an action is filed in a court of competent jurisdiction

claiming an unfair lending practice in connection with the trust

agreement, the date of the sale is not less than 30 days after the date

the most recent such action is filed.

. The notice described in subsection 2 must be:

(a) Served upon the grantor

record:

(1) Except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (2),

personal service or, if personal service cannot be timely effected, in

such other manner as a court determines is reasonably calculated to

afford notice to the grantor

record; or

(2) If the trust agreement concerns owner-occupied

housing as defined in section 1 of this act:

(I) By personal service;

(II) If the grantor or the person who holds the title of

record is absent from his place of residence or from his usual

place of business, by leaving a copy with a person of suitable age

and discretion at either place and mailing a copy to the grantor or

the person who holds the title of record at his place of residence or

place of business; or

(III) If the place of residence or business cannot be

ascertained, or a person of suitable age or discretion cannot be

found there, by posting a copy in a conspicuous place on the trust

property, delivering a copy to a person there residing if the person

can be found and mailing a copy to the grantor or the person who

holds the title of record at the place where the trust property is

situated;

or the person who holds the title of record a notice inor the person who holds the title ofby[;] or the person who holds the title ofand

– 9 –
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(b) In substantially the following form, with the applicable

telephone numbers and mailing addresses provided on the notice

and a copy of the promissory note attached to the notice:

NOTICE

YOU ARE IN DANGER OF LOSING YOUR HOME!

Your home loan is being foreclosed. In

home will be sold and you will be forced to move. For help, call:

Consumer Credit Counseling _______________

The Attorney General __________________

The Division of Financial Institutions ________________

Legal Services ______________________

Your Lender ___________________

Nevada Fair Housing Center ________________

. This section does not prohibit a judicial foreclosure.

. As used in this section, “unfair lending practice” means an

unfair lending practice described in NRS 598D.010 to 598D.150,

inclusive.

not less than 60 days your

Sec. 3.5.

7.095 1. The notice of default required by NRS 107.080

must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt

requested and with postage prepaid, to each guarantor or surety of

the debt. If the address of the guarantor or surety is unknown, the

notice must be sent to the address of the trust property. Failure to

give the notice, except as otherwise provided in subsection 3,

releases the guarantor or surety from his obligation to the

beneficiary, but does not affect the validity of a sale conducted

pursuant to NRS 107.080

surety to whom the notice was properly given.

. Failure to give the notice of default required by NRS

7.090, except as otherwise provided in subsection 3, releases the

obligation to the beneficiary of any person who has complied with

NRS 107.090 and who is or may otherwise be held liable for the

debt or other obligation secured by the deed of trust, but such a

failure does not affect the validity of a sale conducted pursuant to

NRS 107.080

notice was properly given pursuant to this section or to NRS

7.080 or 107.090.

. A guarantor, surety or other obligor is not released pursuant

to this section if:

NRS 107.095 is hereby amended to read as follows:
[nor] or the obligation of any guarantor or[nor] or the obligation of any person to whom the

– 10 –
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(a) The required notice is given at least 15 days before the later

of:

(1) The expiration of the 15- or 35-day period described in
paragraph (a) of subsection 2 of

NRS 107.080;
[or]

(2)

owner-occupied housing as defined in section 1 of this act, the

expiration of the period described in paragraph (b) of subsection 2

of NRS 107.080; or

(3)

beneficiary; or

(b) The notice is rescinded before the sale is advertised.

In the case of any trust agreement which concernsAny extension of [that] the applicable period by the

Sec. 4.

a new section to read as follows:

Chapter 2 of NRS is hereby amended by adding thereto

The Supreme Court may adopt rules providing for voluntary

mediation with respect to a homeowner who is not in default but is

at risk of default.
Sec. 5.


9.646 1. A person who, without participating in the

management of a parcel of real property, holds or is the beneficiary

of evidence of title to the property primarily to protect a security

interest in the property is not a responsible party with respect to a

release of a hazardous substance on the property if:

(a) The owner of the property is relieved from liability under

NRS 459.610 to 459.658, inclusive, with respect to the release;

(b) The owner or holder of evidence of title did not cause the

release; and

(c) The owner or holder of evidence of title does not participate

actively in decisions concerning hazardous substances on the

property.

. A lender to a prospective purchaser who has filed an

application to participate in the program pursuant to NRS 459.634

or a lender who forecloses his security interest in property pursuant

to NRS 40.430 to 40.450, inclusive, or 107.080 to 107.100,

inclusive,

after the foreclosure, not to exceed 2 years, sells, transfers or

conveys the property to a prospective purchaser who has filed an

application to participate in the program pursuant to NRS 459.634 is

not a responsible party solely as a result of:

(a) Foreclosing a security interest in the property; or

(b) Making a loan to the prospective purchaser if the loan:

(1) Is to be used for acquiring property or removing or

remediating hazardous substances on property; and

NRS 459.646 is hereby amended to read as follows:
and section 1 of this act, and within a reasonable period

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(2) Is secured by the property that is to be acquired or on

which is located the hazardous substances that are to be removed or

remediated.
Sec. 5.5.

agreements which concern owner-occupied housing, as defined in

section 1 of this act, apply only with respect to such agreements for

which a notice of default is recorded on or after July 1, 2009.

The amendatory provisions of this act governing trust

Sec. 5.7.

contrary and in recognition of the emergency situation confronting

this State concerning mortgage foreclosures and the need to

implement the provisions of this act quickly, any rules adopted by

the Supreme Court pursuant to subsection 8 of section 1 of this act

take effect on the date specified by the Supreme Court in the order

adopting the rules, which in no event may be less than 30 days after

entry of the order.

Notwithstanding any provision of NRS 2.120 to the

Sec. 6.

This act becomes effective on July 1, 2009.

~~~~~ 09

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Saturday, August 1st, 2009

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Saturday, August 1st, 2009

This section is for frequently asked questions related to Personal Injury Cases. Please feel free to browse some of the most common questions we encounter when assisting people who have suffered.

1.

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